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The Origin of Dark Matter
The nature of dark matter is evident from the similar spatial distribution of
dark matter and photons In the vicinity of galaxies, the observed strength of the gravitational field
is much larger than to be expected based on Newtonian or Einsteinian gravity. In addition it has an unexpected spatial distribution. Present-day physics assumes a yet unknown type of particle which does not have any
interactions except via gravity. But the intensified search for them over the past decades has not yielded the faintest result.
And even if a particle were found, there is no explanation for the very specific distribution of these particles. However, this spatial distribution is itself a strong indication of the nature of
dark matter. It is a striking fact that the distribution is identical to that of photons in those areas, a fact which is at present
not in the focus of the physical investigations.
The conclusion that photons themselves are the origin of the observations yields correct results - even quantitatively correct results. However,
this requires a modification of the laws of gravity in the way that gravitation is not caused by mass or energy.
This assumption may be felt to be shocking but is not in conflict with observation. 1.1 Rotation of stars and galaxies This phenomenon of increased gravity was first
observed in connection with the fast rotation of galaxies in clusters.
Other well investigated cases are single stars orbiting a galaxy. The stars in the outer regions of galaxies
orbit the center too quickly.
In addition, the dependence of their speed on the distance from the center of the galaxy does not follow Newton's law but
displays a flat shape (see figure 1 for the galaxy NGC 3198).
Figure 1: The galaxy NGC 3198 This flat shape of the curve is striking.
For an explanation we have to conclude, if we follow Newton's law of gravity, that the
dark matter causing this behavior has a spatial distribution of 1/r2 in the outer region of the galaxy
(where r is the distance to the center of the galaxy). And this observed motion has let physicists
to conclude that there is a huge amount of invisible matter. So the physical matter known to us should only account
for a small partion - around 1/6 - of the matter in the universe, while the rest is completely unknown
up to now. 1.2 Gravitational lensing in Abell 2261 Gravitational lensing is also stronger than explained
by the masses of the lensing objects, which in general are also galaxies.
Figure 2: The strength of gravity in the vicinity of Abell 2261 1.3 The bullet cluster
In this situation, two galaxies have passed each other. Their distribution after the passage shows the dark matter moving in front of both clusters (figure 3). This is surprising
since the asumed heavy dark matter particles should not move faster than normal baryonic matter.
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1.4 Renzo's rule Renzo's rule refers to the observation
that those parts of a galaxy having a reduced luminosity display a reduced gravitatioinal field.
This can be detected in orbiting stars whose path is modified when passing along such a region.
This conflicts with the general physical understanding that dark matter should remove any correlation
beween the luminosity and the rotation curves.
1.5 Fast formation building In the cosmological development of the universe,
the growth of clusters forming stars and galaxies has been faster than can be explained by baryonic matter.
Again, the conclusion is that there must have been more gravitational than visible matter around to cause this rate of growth.
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3 The photon solution
The assumption that photons are the originators of dark matter phenomea explains all observations.
In the special case of the rotation curves it yields even quantiative results.
3.1 Quantitative results for galaxy NGC 3198 We can use the case of stars orbiting a galaxy like NGC 3198 (figure 1)
to show that the assumption of photons as the particles of the dark matter has a quantitative proof.
We will check here the hypothesis that every elementary particle contributes to the gravitationl field to the same degree
independent of its mass. |
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These two numbers are comparable numbers in terms of the available accuracy. Looking at the graphical presentation (figure 1) we see that at the rim of the galaxy both particle types contribute equally to the gravitational field, whereas outside it the photons dominate strongly as the cause of the gravitaitonal field. |
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3.2 Renzo's rule In areas of low luminosity, the gravitational field is
diminished, as is apparent through the deflection of orbiting stars. This is a direct indication that light is the
cause of gravity. 3.3 Fast formation building If photons cause a gravitational field, then their
existence everywhere explains the speed of formation building. And this fact also explains another phenomenon that is otherwise not understood:
dark matter contributes considerably to the building of formations, i.e. objects; but it does not become part of these objects. |
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4 Einstein's near-solution
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The analysis of the observations show quite clearly that dark matter is made up of photons.
The qualitative as well as the quantiative data do not allow for another explanation. | |||||||||||||||||
NOTE: The
concept of the
Basic Particle Model
was initially presented at the Spring Conference of the German Physical
Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft) on 24 March 2000 in
Dresden by Dr.
Albrecht Giese,
[1] CLASH: Precise new constraints on the mass profile of the galaxy cluster A2261; The Astrophysical Journal 757(1):22 (2012).
[2] A. Einstein (1911): Über den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes.
[On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light]. Annalen der Physik, 340, 898-908. . (Note: This page is also available as a pdf-file .) 2023-02-14 | |||||||||||||||||